网帖翻译

Chinese Air Force way ahead of IAF

中国空军遥遥领先印度空军
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

The collapse of the Soviet unx in 1991 proved to be a boon to China and the PLAAF. Apart from a formidable enemy being neutralised, many displaced scientists, engineers and technicians from the erstwhile Soviet unx found employment in the Chinese military industrial complex. The Russian aircraft industry struggling to survive, was more than willing to sell modern aeroplanes and technology to China. And the booming Chinese economy could afford to import the best that was on offer.

1991年苏联解体对中国和中国空军来说是件好事。除了一个强大的敌人中立了，还有许多前苏联的科学家、工程师和技术人员在中国的军工联合企业找到了工作。在生存边缘挣扎的俄罗斯飞机工业非常愿意向中国出售现代飞机和技术。而蓬勃发展的中国经济也有能力进口最好的产品。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

PLAAF : An Emerging Aerospace Power

中国空军:新兴的航空航天力量

A visionary, long-term and time-bound approach to military modernization, supported by a strong and innovative military-industrial capability has transformed the Peoples Liberation Army Air Force(PLAAF) of China, from an antiquated, derelict, poorly trained and over-sized force to a modern aerospace power with increasing proficiency to undertake its stated missions in the 21st Century. The Indian establishment, especially the Indian Air Force (IAF), needs to absorb this reality and restructure its modernisation plans. The Indian security environment is being continuously impacted by China’s rise, militarily and economically as a global power.

有着强有力和创新的军工能力支持，富有远见、具有长期、有时间限制的军事现代化政策帮助中国空军从过时、落后、训练不足而且臃肿的军队，通过增加执行规定的新世纪任务，成长为超级现代航天力量。印度的当权派，尤其是印度空军，只能接受这一现实，积极发展印度现代化。中国的崛起不断挑战印度的安全环境。不可否认，无论是军事上还是经济上中国都是全球性大国。

The foundations of China’s long term plan for its modernisation programme were laid in 2010 and aims at major progress by 2020. By 2050 China would accomplish its strategic goal of building an ‘informatized’ (net-centric warfare enabled) armed forces capable of winning wars. Perhaps the unstated obxtive of the plan is to expand China’s ‘comprehensive national power’ beyond the existing regional status. China’s plan to ‘lay a solid foundation by 2010’ appears to have been achieved as demonstrated by the large-scale exercise ‘Stride-2009’ held to coincide with 50 years celebration of communist rule in China. 50,000 troops were moved from regions in the West to the East. The obxtive of Stride-2009 was to test the ability to move forces on a large-scale from the areas they had trained in to areas they were unfamiliar with. Another aim was to subject the massive rail, road and air infrastructure created over the years to heavy military movement pressure and examine if such pressure adversely affected civilian population. The PLAAF played an important role in this exercise.

中国在2010年为现代化建设长期规划奠定了基础，预计2020年中国现代化建设将取得重大进展。到2050年，中国将实现建设一支能打胜仗“信息化”(网络中心战)部队的战略目标。或许中国没有明确提出的目标是扩大中国的“综合国力”，超越现有的地区大国地位。中国似乎已经实现了“在2010年前打下坚实基础”的计划，国庆50周年大庆举行的大规模“跨越-2009”演习就证明了这一点。跨越-2009的目标是测试将部队从训练过的地区大规模转移到不熟悉的地区的能力。另一个目的是测试多年建设的大规模铁路、公路和空中基础设施是否能承受强大的军事行动的压力，并检查这种压力是否对平民人口产生不利影响。中国空军在这次演习中发挥了重要作用。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

In 1999, PLAAF operated over 3500 combat aircraft comprising mainly the J-6 (MiG-19 equivalent) and the J-7 (based on the MiG-21). A deal with Russia saw the induction of 100 Su-27 fighters. PLAAF also had in its inventory the H-6(Tu-16 based) bombers. China had no precision-guided munitions(PGMs) and only the Su-27 was BVR compatible.

1999年,中国空军拥有超过3500架战机,主要包括歼-6(等同于米格-19)和歼-7(基于米格-21)。中国与俄罗斯签署了一项协议，决定引进100架苏-27战斗机。中国空军还有轰-6(图-16)轰炸机。中国没有精确制导弹,只能依靠苏-27的超视距格斗。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Modernisation of the PLAAF has been propelled by China’s astounding economic growth. The 21st century has witnessed the acquisition of 105 Su-30MKK from 2000 to 2003 and 100 upgraded Su-30MKK2 in 2004. China produced more than 200 J-11s from 2002 onwards. The PLAAF also bought a total of 126 Su-27SK/UBK in three batches. The production of the J-10 combat aircraft began in 2002 and 1200 are on order. The H-6 bombers (Tu-16 Badger) were converted into flight refuelling aircraft. In 2005, the PLAAF unveiled plans to acquire 70 Il-76 transport aircraft and 30 Il-78 tankers to significantly upgrade strategic airlift capability and offer extended range to the fighter force. The US Department of Defense has reported that Su-27 SKs are being upgraded to the multi-role Su-27 SMK status.

中国惊人的经济增长推动了空军的现代化。进入21世纪，2000年到2003年中国购买了105架苏-30战斗机，2004年购买了100架升级的苏-30战斗机。从2002年起中国国内生产了超过200架歼-11S战斗机。中国空军还分三批购买了126架苏-27SK/UBK战机。2002年以来，中国已经开始生产歼-10战机，后续又订购了1200架。轰-6轰炸机(图-16“獾)被改装成战斗机加油机。2005年，中国空军宣布将购买70架伊尔-76运输机和30架伊尔-78加油机的计划，以显著提升战略空运能力，并向战斗机部队提供更大的射程。美国国防部报告称，苏-27 SKs正在升级为多功能苏-27 SMK。

The PLAAF is also organising a combat air wing for a future aircraft carrier group, possibly based on the Su-33, which is a carrier capable variant of the Su-27. Many existing fighters are being upgraded, some for night maritime strike role, permitting carriage of Russian weapons, including Kh-31A anti-radiation cruise missile and KAB-500 laser-guided munition. China is also developing special mission aircraft including the KJ-2000 AWACS based on the Il-76 platform. The Y-8 transport planes are being modified to undertake a variety of roles of Airborne Battlefield Command, AEW and intelligence gathering. PLAAF’s aim is to have a primarily fourth generation air force. JH-7/7A will be the backbone of the precision strike force with large numbers of J-10 and J-11 in the air superiority role. The interceptor role will be undertaken by the JF-17 which is under production now in China. The transport force will have Il-76, Il-78 and Y-9 aircraft. China has a variety of helicopters and other aircraft to undertake specialist missions and routine tasks. With a fast developing C4ISR and its shift to joint operations, the Chinese military will be a formidable force to reckon with even by a well prepared adversary. In this process of modernisation the PLAAF has improved exponentially, though it has yet to be tested in actual operations.

中国空军也在为未来的航空母舰群组建空军联队，航母舰载机可能以苏-33为基础，这是苏-27的舰载机变体。许多现役战斗机正在进行升级，其中一些可以用于夜间海上打击，可以携带俄罗斯武器，包括Kh-31A超音速反舰巡航导弹和KAB-500激光制导弹药。中国也在研发特殊任务飞机，包括基于伊尔-76运输机的空警2000预警机。中国正在修改运-8运输机，改后的运-8将承担空降战场指挥、空中预警机和情报收集等各种角色。中国空军的主要目标是拥有第四代战机。歼轰-7将成为中国空军精确打击力量的骨干，大量的歼-10和歼-11战机将发挥空中优势。拦截机的角色将由现在中国正在生产的枭龙战机承担。空军运输部队将拥有伊尔-76、伊尔-78和运-9等战机。中国有各种直升机和其他飞机承担专门任务和日常任务。随着C4ISR（指挥、控制、通信、计算机、情报及监视与侦察）的快速发展和向联合作战的转变，中国军队将成为一支令人生畏的力量，即便准备充分的对手面对这支军队也不能大意。虽然中国空军现代化的实际效果还有待实战检验，但是在现代化进程中，中国空军已经取得了指数级的进步。

Recently China unveiled its fifth generation fighter, the J-20 which represents a significant step in the evolution of the Chinese aerospace industry. The new aircraft displays stealth features and indicates a determination on China’s part to shape new military capabilities in the period ahead. China is determined in developing modern military aerospace capabilities. Having generated a certain quantum of expertise in the field, including learning from the designers, technicians and scientists imported from CIS countries where they had been rendered unemployed post the break-up of the Soviet unx, China invested significantly in the aerospace sector and the benefits are visible now. The progress has been much faster than predicted by western analysts. The phenomenal growth in its economy permits China increased investments in innovation and the result would be that by 2020 or so China will become the world’s most important centre for innovation, overtaking the US and Japan.

最近，中国公开了第五代战斗机歼-20，这款战机代表着中国航天工业发展的重要一步。新型飞机是隐形战机，表明中国决心在未来一段时间打造新的军事能力。中国有发展现代军事航天能力的决心。中国在该领域有一定的专门知识，包括从苏联解体后失业的独联体国家引进的设计师、技术人员和科学家，中国向航空航天部门提供了大量投资，而且现在的效果显著。这一进展比西方分析人士预测的要快得多。中国经济的惊人增长，让其有足够的资本进行创新投资，不难看到到2020年左右，中国将超过美国和日本，成为全球最重要的创新中心。

The Chinese Aerospace Industry

中国航天工业

A short foray into the history of the growth of China’s aerospace industry would reveal the transformation achieved. Initially, the Soviet unx extended assistance to the fledgling PLAAF in the early 1950s and helped the People’s Republic in setting up its aircraft production facilities. The PLAAF pilots were trained in Soviet tactics and some took part in the Korean War against the USAF. By the late 1950s, Chinese factories were assembling, under licence, aircraft in large numbers. These were MiG-15(J-2), MiG-15bis(J-4), MiG-17(J-5 and the MiG-19(J-6).

简单了解中国航空航天工业发展史，就能对体会中国是如何实现转型的。最初，苏联在1950年早期向羽翼未丰的中国空军提供援助，并且帮助中国建立了飞机生产设施。中国空军飞行员在苏联接受战术训练，一些人还参加了朝鲜战争，与美国空军进行对抗。到20世纪50年代末，中国飞机制造厂取得苏联许可，开始大量组装飞机。这些飞机包括米格-15(歼-2)，米格-15(歼-4)，米格-17(歼-5和米格-19(歼-6)。

The break in relations with the Soviet unx dealt a double blow to China. The aircraft industry nearly collapsed and a new and powerful enemy appeared on the northern flank, though the PLAAF was not involved in any border skirmishes with the Soviets. The industry, however, began to recover by 1965 and China produced its first indigenous fighter, the J-8, a mix of various Soviet designs. Development of the PLAAF was adversely affected as budget priorities were skewed in favour of missile and nuclear forces of the PLA. Exploiting the rift between the Soviet unx and China, the western nations extended considerable aid to the PLAAF in the late 1980s. Western avionics were incorporated into the J-7(MiG-21 copy), the J-8 and the A-5 ground attack fighter. Western technology also helped in development of the B-6D bomber, the HQ-2J high altitude SAM and the C-601 air-launched anti-ship missile. Support from the West ended abruptly in 1989.

与苏联关系破裂给中国带来双重打击。中国飞机工业几近崩溃，虽然中国空军没有卷入任何与苏联的边境冲突，但是一个新的强大敌人还是出现在了北边。所幸中国的飞机行业在1965年开始复苏，生产了第一架国产战斗机歼-8，这款战机混合了苏联的各种设计。中国空军的发展面临着一些不利因素，因为国防预算优先次序偏向了导弹和核力量。1980年代后期，西方国家利用苏联和中国的裂痕，向中国空军提供了大量援助。歼-7(米格-21仿造型)，歼-8和强-5地面攻击战斗机采用了西方航空电子设备。西方技术也帮助中国研发了B-6D轰炸机、HQ-2J防空导弹和C-601空射反舰导弹。1989年西方的支持戛然而止。

The collapse of the Soviet unx in 1991 proved to be a boon to China and the PLAAF. Apart from a formidable enemy being neutralised, many displaced scientists, engineers and technicians from the erstwhile Soviet unx found employment in the Chinese military industrial complex. The Russian aircraft industry struggling to survive, was more than willing to sell modern aeroplanes and technology to China. And the booming Chinese economy could afford to import the best that was on offer.

1991年苏联解体对中国和中国人民解放军空军来说是件好事。除了北边强大的敌人没有了，而且许多前苏联的科学家、工程师和技术人员都来中国军工联合体谋生路。为了生存，俄罗斯飞机工业非常愿意向中国出售现代飞机和技术。而蓬勃发展的中国经济也有能力进口最好的产品。

Today, the Aviation Industry Corporation of China has under its umbrella a large number of entities engaged in the production of aircraft and associated equipment. The PLAAF classifies its aircraft as J for fighter, Q for ground attack, H for bomber, JH for fighter-bomber, Y for transport and JZ for reconnaissance aircraft and Z for helicopters.

如今，中国航空工业集团公司旗下拥有大量从事飞机及相关设备生产的企业。中国空军战机分类如下：J为战斗机，Q为地面攻击强击机，H为轰炸机，JH为战斗-轰炸机，Y为运输和JZ为侦察机和Z为直升飞机。

The Changhe Aircraft Industry Corporation is dedicated to helicopters and produces the WZ-10 Attack, Z-8 Heavy Transport, CA-9 Utility, Z11J and Z-11 Light Utility helicopters. The Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation produces the JJ-5 basic trainer(exported as the FT-5), J-7 lightweight interceptor, FC-1/J-17 Thunder lightweight multi-role fighter, J-10 medium weight multi-role fighter, and the latest J-20 fifth generation fighter with stealth capabilities. The Hongdu Aviation Industry Group specialises in trainers and produces the CJ-5 tandem two-seat military primary trainer, CJ-6 basic and advanced trainer, K-8 basic trainer, JL-8 and the L-15 supersonic trainer.

中国昌河飞机工业公司致力于直升飞机生产，主要产品包括武直-10攻击型、武直-8重型运输型、CA-9通用型、Z11J和Z-11轻型通用型直升飞机。成都飞机工业公司生产JJ-5基本教练机(FT-5出口型)，歼-7轻型拦截机，枭龙轻型多用途战斗机，歼-10中型多用途战斗机，和最新的具有隐身能力的歼-20第五代战斗机。洪都航空工业集团专门从事教练机生产，产品包括初教-5双座军用主要教练机，初教-6基本和高级教练机，K-8基本教练机，JL-8和L-15超音速教练机。

The Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation produces the JL-9 trainer(MiG-21U) and a host of UAVs, The Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation makes helicopters including the Z-5,Z-9, Z-9W/G, Zhi-15 and HC-120.The Shaanxi Aircraft Corporation is into producing transport aircraft and makes the Y-8 variants(AN-12 based), Y-9 whose capabilities compare with the C-130J, Y-7 and the Y-20 four-engine tactical support aircraft expected to fly in 2012. The Shenyang Aircraft Corporation produces the J-8, J-11(variant of Su-27), J-15 carrier -compatible fighter based on Su-33, J-XX fifth generation fighter under development, co-produces the J-20, H-6 bomber(Tu-16 Badger) and some UAVs. The Xi’an Aircraft Industrial Corporation makes the H-8 strategic heavy bomber and the JH-7 twin-engine fighter bomber.

贵州飞机工业公司生产JL-9教练机(米格- 21u)和一系列无人机，哈尔滨飞机制造公司生产直升飞机包括直-5、直-9、直-9W、直-15和HC-120直升机。陕西飞机公司正在生产运输机，并生产运-8改型(基于安-12)，运输能力与C-130J相当的运-9、运-7，以及预计2012年试飞的四引擎战机的运-20。沈阳飞机公司生产歼-8, 歼-11(苏-27的改型)，基于苏-33的歼-15航母兼容战斗机，第五代歼-XX战斗机正在发展，联合生产的歼-20，轰-6轰炸机(图-16獾)和一些无人机。西安飞机工业公司制造轰-8战略重型轰炸机和歼轰-7双引擎战斗轰炸机。

Apart from these, there are a large number of factories involved in manufacturing civil commercial aircraft. Many foreign manufacturers like Boeing, Airbus and Eurocopter find it profitable to outsource part or complete production to Chinese factories. This helps the Chinese industry to absorb new technology and much of it is dual-use.

除此之外，还有大量涉及制造民用商用飞机的工厂。波音(Boeing)、空客(Airbus)和欧洲直升机等许多外国制造商发现，将部分或全部生产外包给中国工厂是有利可图的。这有助于中国工业吸收新技术，而且其中大部分是军民两用的。