19世纪，美国奶制品生产商经常将牛奶与水、粉笔、防腐液和牛脑混合，以提高外观和味道。数百名儿童死于毒牛奶
正文翻译
At the turn of the 20th century, Indiana was hailed as a national leader in public health issues. This was almost entirely due to the work of two unusually outspoken scientists.
在20世纪初，印第安纳州被誉为国家公共卫生问题的领导者。这几乎完全归功于两位特别的直言不讳的科学家的努力。
At the turn of the 20th century, Indiana was hailed as a national leader in public health issues. This was almost entirely due to the work of two unusually outspoken scientists.
在20世纪初，印第安纳州被誉为国家公共卫生问题的领导者。这几乎完全归功于两位特别的直言不讳的科学家的努力。
One was Harvey Washington Wiley, a one-time chemistry professor at Purdue University who had become chief chemist at the federal Department of Agriculture and the country’s leading crusader for food safety. The other was John Newell Hurty, Indiana’s chief public health officer, a sharp-tongued, — official who was relentlessly determined to reduce disease rates in his home state.
其中一位是哈维·华盛顿·威利，他曾是普渡大学(Purdue University)的化学教授，后来成为联邦农业部(Department of Agriculture)的首席化学家，也是美国食品安全领域的领军人物。另一位是印第安纳州首席公共卫生官约翰·纽厄尔·赫迪，他言辞犀利——是一位不屈不挠决心降低其家乡州疾病发病率的官员。
其中一位是哈维·华盛顿·威利，他曾是普渡大学(Purdue University)的化学教授，后来成为联邦农业部(Department of Agriculture)的首席化学家，也是美国食品安全领域的领军人物。另一位是印第安纳州首席公共卫生官约翰·纽厄尔·赫迪，他言辞犀利——是一位不屈不挠决心降低其家乡州疾病发病率的官员。
Hurty began his career as a pharmacist, and was hired in 1873 by Col. Eli Lilly as chief chemist for a new drug manufacturing company the colonel was establishing in Indianapolis. In 1884, he became a professor of pharmacy at Purdue, where he developed an interest in public health that led him, in 1896, to become Indiana’s chief health officer. He recognized that many of the plagues of the time — from typhoid to dysentery — were spread by lack of sanitation, and he made it a point to rail against “flies, filth, and dirty fingers.”
赫迪的职业生涯始于药剂师，1873年，他受雇于Eli上校，为他在印第安纳波利斯建立的一家新药制造公司担任首席化学家。1884年，他成为普渡大学的一名药剂学教授，在普渡大学，他对公共卫生产生了兴趣，并在1896年成为印第安纳州的首席卫生官。他认识到当时的许多瘟疫——从伤寒到痢疾——都是由于缺乏卫生设施而传播的，“苍蝇、污秽和脏手指”成为他重点批评的对象。
赫迪的职业生涯始于药剂师，1873年，他受雇于Eli上校，为他在印第安纳波利斯建立的一家新药制造公司担任首席化学家。1884年，他成为普渡大学的一名药剂学教授，在普渡大学，他对公共卫生产生了兴趣，并在1896年成为印第安纳州的首席卫生官。他认识到当时的许多瘟疫——从伤寒到痢疾——都是由于缺乏卫生设施而传播的，“苍蝇、污秽和脏手指”成为他重点批评的对象。
Hurty and many of his colleagues found that milk — messily adulterated, either teeming with bacteria or preserved with toxic compounds.
Hurty was far from the first to rant about the sorry quality of milk. In the 1850s, milk sold in New York City was so poor, and the contents of bottles so risky, that one local journalist demanded to know why the police weren’t called on dairymen. In the 1880s, an analysis of milk in New Jersey found the “liquifying colonies [of bacteria]” to be so numerous that the researchers simply abandoned the count.
赫迪和他的许多同事还发现，牛奶被胡乱掺假，要么充满了细菌，要么含有有毒化合物。
赫迪并不是第一个抱怨牛奶质量不好的人。在19世纪50年代，纽约市出售的牛奶质量很差，瓶装牛奶也很充满卫生风险，以至于一位当地记者要求知道为什么没有警察去找牛奶场的工人调查此事。19世纪80年代，对新泽西州牛奶的一项分析发现，牛奶中漂浮的菌落如此之多，以至于研究人员干脆放弃了计数。
Hurty was far from the first to rant about the sorry quality of milk. In the 1850s, milk sold in New York City was so poor, and the contents of bottles so risky, that one local journalist demanded to know why the police weren’t called on dairymen. In the 1880s, an analysis of milk in New Jersey found the “liquifying colonies [of bacteria]” to be so numerous that the researchers simply abandoned the count.
赫迪和他的许多同事还发现，牛奶被胡乱掺假，要么充满了细菌，要么含有有毒化合物。
赫迪并不是第一个抱怨牛奶质量不好的人。在19世纪50年代，纽约市出售的牛奶质量很差，瓶装牛奶也很充满卫生风险，以至于一位当地记者要求知道为什么没有警察去找牛奶场的工人调查此事。19世纪80年代，对新泽西州牛奶的一项分析发现，牛奶中漂浮的菌落如此之多，以至于研究人员干脆放弃了计数。
But there were other factors besides risky strains of bacteria that made 19th century milk untrustworthy. The worst of these were the many tricks that dairymen used to increase their profits. Far too often, not only in Indiana but nationwide, dairy producers thinned milk with water (sometimes containing a little gelatin), and recolored the resulting liquid with dyes, chalk, or plaster dust.
They also faked the look of rich cream by using a yellowish layer of pureed calf brains. it really did look like cream but it coagulated when poured into hot coffee.”
但除了危险的细菌菌株外，还有其他因素使得19世纪的牛奶极不安全。其中最糟糕的莫过于奶牛场老板用来增加利润的许多花招。不仅在印第安纳州，在全国范围内，乳制品生产商经常用水稀释牛奶(有时添加一点明胶)，然后用染料、粉笔或石膏灰将牛奶重新染色。
他们还用一层淡黄色的牛脑泥来伪造浓奶油。 牛脑泥确实看起来像奶油，但倒入热咖啡后会凝结。”
They also faked the look of rich cream by using a yellowish layer of pureed calf brains. it really did look like cream but it coagulated when poured into hot coffee.”
但除了危险的细菌菌株外，还有其他因素使得19世纪的牛奶极不安全。其中最糟糕的莫过于奶牛场老板用来增加利润的许多花招。不仅在印第安纳州，在全国范围内，乳制品生产商经常用水稀释牛奶(有时添加一点明胶)，然后用染料、粉笔或石膏灰将牛奶重新染色。
他们还用一层淡黄色的牛脑泥来伪造浓奶油。 牛脑泥确实看起来像奶油，但倒入热咖啡后会凝结。”
Finally, if the milk was threatening to sour, dairymen added formaldehyde, an embalming compound long used by funeral parlors, to stop the decomposition, also relying on its slightly sweet taste to improve the flavor. In the late 1890s, formaldehyde was so widely used by the dairy and meat-packing industries .
最后，如果牛奶即将发酸，那么奶牛场工人会加入甲醛(一种殡仪馆长期使用的防腐化合物)来阻止牛奶分解，同时也会依靠甲醛的微甜味道来改善牛奶的味道。 19世纪90年代末，甲醛在乳制品和肉类加工业中被广泛使用
最后，如果牛奶即将发酸，那么奶牛场工人会加入甲醛(一种殡仪馆长期使用的防腐化合物)来阻止牛奶分解，同时也会依靠甲醛的微甜味道来改善牛奶的味道。 19世纪90年代末，甲醛在乳制品和肉类加工业中被广泛使用
In late 1900, Hurty’s health department published such a blistering analysis of locally produced milk that The Indianapolis News titled its resulting article “Worms and Moss in Milk.” The finding came from an analysis of a pint bottle handed over by a family alarmed by signs that their milk was “wriggling.” It turned out to be worms, which investigators found had been introduced when a local dairyman thinned the milk with ‘‘stagnant water.”
在1900年后期，赫迪的卫生部门发表了一篇关于当地生产的牛奶的严厉批评分析，以至于《印第安纳波利斯新闻报》(The Indianapolis News)将其分析文章命名为《牛奶中的蠕虫和苔藓》(Worms and Moss In milk)。 分析样本来自于一个家庭送来的一品脱牛奶，该家庭对牛奶“蠕动”的现象感到担忧。 调查人员发现，这是当地奶场主用“死水”稀释牛奶时带入的蠕虫。
在1900年后期，赫迪的卫生部门发表了一篇关于当地生产的牛奶的严厉批评分析，以至于《印第安纳波利斯新闻报》(The Indianapolis News)将其分析文章命名为《牛奶中的蠕虫和苔藓》(Worms and Moss In milk)。 分析样本来自于一个家庭送来的一品脱牛奶，该家庭对牛奶“蠕动”的现象感到担忧。 调查人员发现，这是当地奶场主用“死水”稀释牛奶时带入的蠕虫。
The health department’s official bulletin, published that same summer, also noted the discovery of sticks, hairs, insects, blood, and pus in milk; in addition, the department tracked such a steady diet of manure in dairy products that it estimated that the citizens of Indianapolis consumed more than 2,000 pounds of manure in a given year.
同年夏天，卫生部发布的官方公报也指出，在牛奶中发现了树枝、毛发、昆虫、血液和脓液; 此外，该部门跟踪调查了人们日常食用的乳制品中的粪肥含量，并估计印第安纳波利斯的居民每年会吃下超过2000磅的粪肥
同年夏天，卫生部发布的官方公报也指出，在牛奶中发现了树枝、毛发、昆虫、血液和脓液; 此外，该部门跟踪调查了人们日常食用的乳制品中的粪肥含量，并估计印第安纳波利斯的居民每年会吃下超过2000磅的粪肥
Hurty, who set the sharply pointed tone for his department’s publications, added that “many [child] deaths and sickness” of the time involving severe nausea and diarrhea — a condition sometimes known as “summer complaint” — might instead be traced to a steady supply of filthy milk. “People do not appreciate the danger lurking in milk that isn’t pure,” he wrote after one particularly severe spate of deaths.
赫迪为他部门的出版文章设定了尖锐的基调，他补充说，当时有“许多[儿童]死亡和生病”时会出现严重的恶心和腹泻——这种情况有时被称为“夏季疾病”——可能与持续供应的脏牛奶有关。 在一次特别严重的死亡事件后，他写道:“人们没有意识到不干净的牛奶中潜藏的危险。
赫迪为他部门的出版文章设定了尖锐的基调，他补充说，当时有“许多[儿童]死亡和生病”时会出现严重的恶心和腹泻——这种情况有时被称为“夏季疾病”——可能与持续供应的脏牛奶有关。 在一次特别严重的死亡事件后，他写道:“人们没有意识到不干净的牛奶中潜藏的危险。
The use of formaldehyde was the dairy industry’s solution to official concerns about pathogenic microorganisms in milk. In Hurty’s time, the most dangerous included those carrying bovine tuberculosis, undulant fever, scarlet fever, typhoid, and diphtheria. (Today, public health scientists worry more about pathogens such as E. coli, salmonella, and listeria in untreated or raw milk.)
官方担心牛奶中含有致病微生物，而使用甲醛是乳制品行业解决这一问题的办法。 在赫迪生活的时代，最危险的莫过于牛奶中含有结核病、波状热、猩红热、伤寒和白喉等病原体。 (如今，公共卫生科学家更担心未经处理或生牛奶中的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和李斯特菌等病原体。)
官方担心牛奶中含有致病微生物，而使用甲醛是乳制品行业解决这一问题的办法。 在赫迪生活的时代，最危险的莫过于牛奶中含有结核病、波状热、猩红热、伤寒和白喉等病原体。 (如今，公共卫生科学家更担心未经处理或生牛奶中的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和李斯特菌等病原体。)
The heating of a liquid to 120 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit for about 20 minutes to kill pathogenic bacteria was first reported by the French microbiologist Louis Pasteur in the 1850s. But although the process would later be named pasteurization in his honor, Pasteur’s focus was actually on wine. It was more than 20 years later that the German chemist Franz von Soxhlet would propose the same treatment for milk. In 1899, the Harvard microbiologist Theobald Smith — known for his discovery of Salmonella — also argued for this, after showing that pasteurization could kill some of the most stubborn pathogens in milk, such as the bovine tubercle bacillus.
19世纪50年代，法国微生物学家路易斯·巴斯德(Louis Pasteur)首次发表了将液体加热到120至140华氏度持续20分钟来杀死致病菌的方法。
尽管这个过程后来被命名为巴氏杀菌法以纪念他，但当时巴斯德实际上是想把该方法用在葡萄酒上。
20多年后，德国化学家弗朗茨·冯·索克莱特(Franz von Soxhlet)对牛奶提出了同样的处理方法。 1899年，以发现沙门氏菌而闻名的哈佛大学微生物学家西奥博尔德·史密斯(Theobald Smith)也提出了这一观点，因为他发现巴氏杀菌法可以杀死牛奶中一些最顽固的病原体，比如牛结核杆菌。
19世纪50年代，法国微生物学家路易斯·巴斯德(Louis Pasteur)首次发表了将液体加热到120至140华氏度持续20分钟来杀死致病菌的方法。
尽管这个过程后来被命名为巴氏杀菌法以纪念他，但当时巴斯德实际上是想把该方法用在葡萄酒上。
20多年后，德国化学家弗朗茨·冯·索克莱特(Franz von Soxhlet)对牛奶提出了同样的处理方法。 1899年，以发现沙门氏菌而闻名的哈佛大学微生物学家西奥博尔德·史密斯(Theobald Smith)也提出了这一观点，因为他发现巴氏杀菌法可以杀死牛奶中一些最顽固的病原体，比如牛结核杆菌。
But pasteurization would not become standard procedure in the United States until the 1930s, and even American doctors resisted the idea. The year before Smith announced his discovery, the American Pediatric Society erroneously warned that feeding babies heated milk could lead them to develop scurvy.
但是巴氏杀菌法直到20世纪30年代才成为美国的标准生产程序，甚至连美国的医生们都曾反对这个方法。 在史密斯宣布发现的前一年，美国儿科学会错误地警告说，给婴儿喂热牛奶可能会导致坏血病。
但是巴氏杀菌法直到20世纪30年代才成为美国的标准生产程序，甚至连美国的医生们都曾反对这个方法。 在史密斯宣布发现的前一年，美国儿科学会错误地警告说，给婴儿喂热牛奶可能会导致坏血病。
Such attitudes encouraged the dairy industry to deal with milk’s bacterial problems simply by dumping formaldehyde into the mix. And although Hurty would later become a passionate advocate of pasteurization, at first he endorsed the idea of chemical preservatives.
这种态度鼓励了奶制品行业，他们继续向牛奶中掺入甲醛来解决牛奶中的细菌问题。 虽然赫迪后来成为巴氏杀菌法的热情倡导者，但他最初也支持在牛奶中添加化学防腐剂。
这种态度鼓励了奶制品行业，他们继续向牛奶中掺入甲醛来解决牛奶中的细菌问题。 虽然赫迪后来成为巴氏杀菌法的热情倡导者，但他最初也支持在牛奶中添加化学防腐剂。
In 1896, desperately concerned about diseases lixed to pathogens in milk, he even endorsed formaldehyde as a good preservative. The recommended dose of two drops of formalin (a mix of 40 percent formaldehyde and 60 percent water) could preserve a pint of milk for several days. It was a tiny amount, Hurty said, and he thought it might make the product safer.
1896年，由于极度担心牛奶中的病原体会导致疾病，他甚至认为甲醛是一种很好的防腐剂。 推荐剂量为两滴福尔马林(40%的甲醛和60%的水的混合物)可以保存一品脱牛奶好几天。 赫迪说，这是很小的量，他认为这可能会使产品更安全。
1896年，由于极度担心牛奶中的病原体会导致疾病，他甚至认为甲醛是一种很好的防腐剂。 推荐剂量为两滴福尔马林(40%的甲醛和60%的水的混合物)可以保存一品脱牛奶好几天。 赫迪说，这是很小的量，他认为这可能会使产品更安全。
But dairymen began increasing the dose of formaldehyde, seeking to keep their product “fresh” for as long as possible. Chemical companies came up with new formaldehyde mixtures with innocuous names such as Iceline or Preservaline. (The latter was said to keep a pint of milk fresh for up to 10 days.) And as the dairy industry increased the amount of preservatives, the milk became more and more toxic.
但奶场主开始增加甲醛的剂量，试图尽可能长时间地让他们的产品保持“新鲜”。 化学公司也研发出了新的甲醛混合物，它们的名字听起来无害，比如Iceline或Preservaline。 (据说后者能将一品脱新鲜牛奶保存多达10天。) 随着乳业增加防腐剂的用量，牛奶变得越来越有毒。
但奶场主开始增加甲醛的剂量，试图尽可能长时间地让他们的产品保持“新鲜”。 化学公司也研发出了新的甲醛混合物，它们的名字听起来无害，比如Iceline或Preservaline。 (据说后者能将一品脱新鲜牛奶保存多达10天。) 随着乳业增加防腐剂的用量，牛奶变得越来越有毒。
Hurty was alarmed enough that by 1899, he was urging that formaldehyde use be stopped, citing “increasing knowledge” that the compound could be dangerous even in small doses, especially to children. But the industry did not heed the warning.
到1899年，赫迪以“不断增长的新研究知识”为理由，敦促停止使用甲醛，因为这种化合物即使很小的剂量也很危险，对儿童的伤害尤甚。 但乳制品行业并未理会这一警告。
到1899年，赫迪以“不断增长的新研究知识”为理由，敦促停止使用甲醛，因为这种化合物即使很小的剂量也很危险，对儿童的伤害尤甚。 但乳制品行业并未理会这一警告。
In the summer of 1900, The Indianapolis News reported on the deaths of three infants in the city’s orphanage due to formaldehyde poisoning. A further investigation indicated that at least 30 children had died two years prior due to use of the preservative, and in 1901, Hurty himself referenced the deaths of more than 400 children due to a combination of formaldehyde, dirt, and bacteria in milk.
1900年夏天，《印第安纳波利斯新闻》报道了该市孤儿院三名婴儿因甲醛中毒而死亡的事件。 进一步调查表明，至少有30名儿童在两年前死于防腐剂，1901年，赫迪自己引用了400多名儿童的死亡案例，指出死亡原因是牛奶中的甲醛、污垢和细菌。
1900年夏天，《印第安纳波利斯新闻》报道了该市孤儿院三名婴儿因甲醛中毒而死亡的事件。 进一步调查表明，至少有30名儿童在两年前死于防腐剂，1901年，赫迪自己引用了400多名儿童的死亡案例，指出死亡原因是牛奶中的甲醛、污垢和细菌。
Following that outbreak, the state began prosecuting dairymen for using formaldehyde and, at least briefly, reduced the practice. But it wasn’t until Harvey Wiley and his allies helped secure the federal Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906 that the compound was at last banned from the food supply.
在那次疾病事件爆发之后，该州开始起诉使用甲醛的奶场主，这在短时间内减少了奶场主添加甲醛的做法。 直到1906年，哈维·威利和他的盟友才帮助确保了联邦《纯净食品和药物法案》的通过，甲醛这种化合物才最终被禁止进入食品供应。
在那次疾病事件爆发之后，该州开始起诉使用甲醛的奶场主，这在短时间内减少了奶场主添加甲醛的做法。 直到1906年，哈维·威利和他的盟友才帮助确保了联邦《纯净食品和药物法案》的通过，甲醛这种化合物才最终被禁止进入食品供应。
In the meantime, Hurty had become an enthusiastic supporter of pasteurization, which he recognized as both safer and cleaner. When a reporter asked him if he really thought formaldehyde had been all that bad for infants, he replied with his usual directness: “Well, it’s embalming fluid . I guess it’s all right if you want to embalm the baby.”
与此同时，赫迪已经成为巴氏杀菌法的热情支持者，他认为这种方法既安全又清洁。 当记者问他是否真的认为甲醛对婴儿有害时，他像往常一样坦率地回答说:“嗯，这就是一种防腐剂，如果你想给婴儿防腐，我想那是可以的。
与此同时，赫迪已经成为巴氏杀菌法的热情支持者，他认为这种方法既安全又清洁。 当记者问他是否真的认为甲醛对婴儿有害时，他像往常一样坦率地回答说:“嗯，这就是一种防腐剂，如果你想给婴儿防腐，我想那是可以的。
评论翻译
ht_shiny_obxts
And people wonder why we have regulations.
然而现在有些人还好奇为什么我们有规章制度。
And people wonder why we have regulations.
然而现在有些人还好奇为什么我们有规章制度。
amc7262
Now, people complain that regulations are stifling business and everyone would be rich if it weren't for these blasted regulations slowing progress!
People are stupid, and short sighted.
现在的人们抱怨规章制度扼杀了商业，他们觉得如果不是这些该死的规章制度阻碍了进步，每个人都会变得富有!
人们是愚蠢的，目光短浅的。
Now, people complain that regulations are stifling business and everyone would be rich if it weren't for these blasted regulations slowing progress!
People are stupid, and short sighted.
现在的人们抱怨规章制度扼杀了商业，他们觉得如果不是这些该死的规章制度阻碍了进步，每个人都会变得富有!
人们是愚蠢的，目光短浅的。
chiliedogg
I work in local government in the permitting office. People freak out about all the paperwork they have to fill out and the inspection fees for building in the city.
The shit I've seen on sites would blow your mind. Some of these guys don't attach the house to the foundation! Others will have nails going through electrical cables and into the shower pipes.
Imagine what it would be like if there weren't inspections, licenses, and permitting.
Rules are written in blood, and that extra couple hundred dollars in inspection fees on a $500,000 house are worth it.
我在当地政府的审批部门工作。 人们对他们必须填写的文件信息和城市建筑的检查费用感到不理解。
但我在网站上看到的检查报告绝对会让你们大吃一惊。 有些人的房子和地基是分开的! 还有一些钉子会穿过电线，钉入了淋浴水管。
想象一下，如果没有检查、审批和许可，会是什么样子。
规则是用血的教训写下的，为一栋价值50万美元的房子支付额外几百美元的检查费是值得的。
I work in local government in the permitting office. People freak out about all the paperwork they have to fill out and the inspection fees for building in the city.
The shit I've seen on sites would blow your mind. Some of these guys don't attach the house to the foundation! Others will have nails going through electrical cables and into the shower pipes.
Imagine what it would be like if there weren't inspections, licenses, and permitting.
Rules are written in blood, and that extra couple hundred dollars in inspection fees on a $500,000 house are worth it.
我在当地政府的审批部门工作。 人们对他们必须填写的文件信息和城市建筑的检查费用感到不理解。
但我在网站上看到的检查报告绝对会让你们大吃一惊。 有些人的房子和地基是分开的! 还有一些钉子会穿过电线，钉入了淋浴水管。
想象一下，如果没有检查、审批和许可，会是什么样子。
规则是用血的教训写下的，为一栋价值50万美元的房子支付额外几百美元的检查费是值得的。
EatYourCheckers
My husband is an electrician and general handyman, and we bought a fixer upper. Every time he goes to fix or replace something, we discuss what atrocities we are going to find. The person who had the house prior I guess fancied themselves a handyman but everything is done the laziest, most gerry-rigged way. Some of the things he has found have really scared him
我丈夫是电工兼杂工，我们买了一套需要修理的房子。 每次他去修理或更换什么东西时，我们都会讨论会有什么惨不忍睹的新发现。 我猜之前拥有这所房子的人自以为是个不错的杂工，但他的一切装修工作都是以最懒惰、最不规范的方式完成的。 一些装修改动甚至让我丈夫都感到害怕。
My husband is an electrician and general handyman, and we bought a fixer upper. Every time he goes to fix or replace something, we discuss what atrocities we are going to find. The person who had the house prior I guess fancied themselves a handyman but everything is done the laziest, most gerry-rigged way. Some of the things he has found have really scared him
我丈夫是电工兼杂工，我们买了一套需要修理的房子。 每次他去修理或更换什么东西时，我们都会讨论会有什么惨不忍睹的新发现。 我猜之前拥有这所房子的人自以为是个不错的杂工，但他的一切装修工作都是以最懒惰、最不规范的方式完成的。 一些装修改动甚至让我丈夫都感到害怕。
outlawa
I used to work with a guy that identified as a Libertarian. One day we were talking apartment inspections .
As expected he was complaining about regulationsetc.
My take was the regulations are there for a reason and they protect tenants.
I spent 5 minutes rattling off things that made sense.
Surprisingly he conceded and agreed that perhaps the regulations were a good thing
我曾经和一个自认为是自由主义者的人一起工作。 有一天我们在谈论公寓检查。
不出所料，他开始抱怨规章制度等等。
我认为规定的存在是有原因的，它们可以保护租户免受伤害。
我花了5分钟的时间罗列出一些有意义的例子，比如某些隐患可能会造成巨大的伤害或死亡。
令人惊讶的是，他让步了，并同意这些规定或许是件好事
I used to work with a guy that identified as a Libertarian. One day we were talking apartment inspections .
As expected he was complaining about regulationsetc.
My take was the regulations are there for a reason and they protect tenants.
I spent 5 minutes rattling off things that made sense.
Surprisingly he conceded and agreed that perhaps the regulations were a good thing
我曾经和一个自认为是自由主义者的人一起工作。 有一天我们在谈论公寓检查。
不出所料，他开始抱怨规章制度等等。
我认为规定的存在是有原因的，它们可以保护租户免受伤害。
我花了5分钟的时间罗列出一些有意义的例子，比如某些隐患可能会造成巨大的伤害或死亡。
令人惊讶的是，他让步了，并同意这些规定或许是件好事
jean_erik
Every time I see someone on r/DIY asking how to do some kind of simple home electrical work, I tell them to call an electrician because they don't know the safety precautions and guidelines for working with electricity.
Every time, I get downvoted to oblivion because it's not in the spirit of DIY or something.
每次我看到有人在DIY论坛问如何做一些简单的家庭电气工作,我就告诉他们最好叫电工,他们不知道电气作业的安全预防措施和指导方针。
每一次我都被点踩，因为这不符合DIY精神或什么的。
Every time I see someone on r/DIY asking how to do some kind of simple home electrical work, I tell them to call an electrician because they don't know the safety precautions and guidelines for working with electricity.
Every time, I get downvoted to oblivion because it's not in the spirit of DIY or something.
每次我看到有人在DIY论坛问如何做一些简单的家庭电气工作,我就告诉他们最好叫电工,他们不知道电气作业的安全预防措施和指导方针。
每一次我都被点踩，因为这不符合DIY精神或什么的。
JitterySuperCoffee
That’s not to mention that baby bottles themselves were deadly due to the porous nature of the rubber cap, their shape being hard to clean and sterilise properly,. They earned the nickname “murder bottles”.
At the time only 2 4 in 10 babies would make it to 2 years old (uk statistic)
Edit: as some have pointed out the baby bottle museums numbers are either wrong or poorly worded it varies between 30-48% infant mortality.
那时的奶瓶本身也是致命的，因为橡胶瓶盖的多孔性，它们的形状很难进行彻底的清洁和消毒。 因此赢得了“杀人瓶子”的绰号。
在那个时代，10个婴儿中只有2到4个能活到2岁(英国的统计数据)
更正:正如一些人指出的，奶瓶博物馆的数据要么是错误的，要么是措辞不当，婴儿死亡率应该在30%-48%之间。
That’s not to mention that baby bottles themselves were deadly due to the porous nature of the rubber cap, their shape being hard to clean and sterilise properly,. They earned the nickname “murder bottles”.
At the time only 2 4 in 10 babies would make it to 2 years old (uk statistic)
Edit: as some have pointed out the baby bottle museums numbers are either wrong or poorly worded it varies between 30-48% infant mortality.
那时的奶瓶本身也是致命的，因为橡胶瓶盖的多孔性，它们的形状很难进行彻底的清洁和消毒。 因此赢得了“杀人瓶子”的绰号。
在那个时代，10个婴儿中只有2到4个能活到2岁(英国的统计数据)
更正:正如一些人指出的，奶瓶博物馆的数据要么是错误的，要么是措辞不当，婴儿死亡率应该在30%-48%之间。
vidanyabella
That is a horrifying statistic.
They wouldn't even name the baby till like 3 or something like
这是一个可怕的统计数字。
这也是为什么那个时代的人们直到小孩三岁才给孩子起名
That is a horrifying statistic.
They wouldn't even name the baby till like 3 or something like
这是一个可怕的统计数字。
这也是为什么那个时代的人们直到小孩三岁才给孩子起名
mszulan
Yes. Most poor to middle class homes did not have running hot water (only half of all American homes had hot water by 1940). All cleaning water - for clothes, dishes, and people - had to be boiled on the stove. Cleaning anything thoroughly was hard and baby bottles were next to impossible to sterilize well every time. Also, the germ theory of disease wasn't common practical knowledge until well into the 20th century!
是的。 大多数穷人和中产阶级家庭没有自来水(到1940年，只有一半的美国家庭有热水)。 所有的清洁用水——洗衣服、洗碗、洗澡——都必须在炉子上煮。 想要彻底清洗任何东西都是困难的，而且婴儿奶瓶几乎不可能每次都消毒干净。
微生物导致疾病的理论直到20世纪才成为普遍的实用知识!
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Yes. Most poor to middle class homes did not have running hot water (only half of all American homes had hot water by 1940). All cleaning water - for clothes, dishes, and people - had to be boiled on the stove. Cleaning anything thoroughly was hard and baby bottles were next to impossible to sterilize well every time. Also, the germ theory of disease wasn't common practical knowledge until well into the 20th century!
是的。 大多数穷人和中产阶级家庭没有自来水(到1940年，只有一半的美国家庭有热水)。 所有的清洁用水——洗衣服、洗碗、洗澡——都必须在炉子上煮。 想要彻底清洗任何东西都是困难的，而且婴儿奶瓶几乎不可能每次都消毒干净。
微生物导致疾病的理论直到20世纪才成为普遍的实用知识!
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
carefree-and-happy
It’s funny because there’s a large group of people in the US that are against vaccines which helped wipe out many of those diseases and against government regulations to keep food and products safe.
Wish we had a Time Machine to dump those people back in the 1800’s where they apparently think was better.
很有趣，因为在美国有一大群人反对疫苗，而疫苗帮助消灭了许多疾病，这些人也反对政府保护食品和产品安全的规定。
真希望我们有个时间机器把这些人扔回19世纪，他们显然觉得那个年代更好。
It’s funny because there’s a large group of people in the US that are against vaccines which helped wipe out many of those diseases and against government regulations to keep food and products safe.
Wish we had a Time Machine to dump those people back in the 1800’s where they apparently think was better.
很有趣，因为在美国有一大群人反对疫苗，而疫苗帮助消灭了许多疾病，这些人也反对政府保护食品和产品安全的规定。
真希望我们有个时间机器把这些人扔回19世纪，他们显然觉得那个年代更好。
OctopusGoesSquish
A lot of the milk being produced at the time was diseased as a result of the cattle being exclusively fed distillery waste and being kept in poor conditions. In fact, the diseases that affected then tended to actually INCREASE their milk production, but looked, smelled and tasted wrong.
The varying adulterants added were all thickeners, colourants and flavourings designed to do half an attempt as masking this.
当时生产牛奶的很多奶牛都是患病的，原因是只被喂以酒厂的废料，饲养条件很差。 事实上，疾病虽然增加了牛奶的产量，但产出的牛奶无论看起来，闻起来，尝起来都不对。
添加的各种掺假剂都是增稠剂、着色剂和调味剂，目的是为了掩盖这一点。
A lot of the milk being produced at the time was diseased as a result of the cattle being exclusively fed distillery waste and being kept in poor conditions. In fact, the diseases that affected then tended to actually INCREASE their milk production, but looked, smelled and tasted wrong.
The varying adulterants added were all thickeners, colourants and flavourings designed to do half an attempt as masking this.
当时生产牛奶的很多奶牛都是患病的，原因是只被喂以酒厂的废料，饲养条件很差。 事实上，疾病虽然增加了牛奶的产量，但产出的牛奶无论看起来，闻起来，尝起来都不对。
添加的各种掺假剂都是增稠剂、着色剂和调味剂，目的是为了掩盖这一点。
Specialist-Lion-8135
Upton He wrote a novel while undercover in a meat packing plant to illustrate the need for socialism but it brought about the FDA and Pure Food Act. Sinclair said he aimed for America’s heart but hit them in the stomach.
记者厄普顿在肉类加工厂做卧底时写了一本小说，想要借此说明社会主义的必要性，但它却带来了FDA食品药品监督管理局和《纯净食品法案》。 厄普顿说他的目标是震撼美国人的内心，但却引发了他们对肚子的关注。
Upton He wrote a novel while undercover in a meat packing plant to illustrate the need for socialism but it brought about the FDA and Pure Food Act. Sinclair said he aimed for America’s heart but hit them in the stomach.
记者厄普顿在肉类加工厂做卧底时写了一本小说，想要借此说明社会主义的必要性，但它却带来了FDA食品药品监督管理局和《纯净食品法案》。 厄普顿说他的目标是震撼美国人的内心，但却引发了他们对肚子的关注。
Mr-Klaus
This is why we need regulations people.
Corporations are spending billions to make you believe that regulations are government overreach because they're the only ones who will gain from deregulation.
这就是为什么我们需要监管人员。
公司花费数十亿美元让你相信监管是政府的越权行为，但他们才是唯一能从放松管制中获益的人。
This is why we need regulations people.
Corporations are spending billions to make you believe that regulations are government overreach because they're the only ones who will gain from deregulation.
这就是为什么我们需要监管人员。
公司花费数十亿美元让你相信监管是政府的越权行为，但他们才是唯一能从放松管制中获益的人。
Decabet
They did this with flour (just add Boron!), rotten meat (nothing a little food coloring won't fix) and countless other foods pre-FDA.
This is why most proponents of deregulation are so full of shit. They either dont know or dont care . If they were at least being honest they'd admit that they don't care if other people get poisioned so long as someone is getting rich from it
在fda出现之前，他们用面粉(加点硼!)、腐烂的肉(只要一点食用色素就能搞定)和无数其他东西来生产肉制品。
这就是为什么大多数呼吁放松管制的支持者都在胡说八道。 他们要么不知道，要么不关心。 如果他们是诚实的，他们应该承认他们不在乎其他人是否中毒，只要有人从中致富就行。
They did this with flour (just add Boron!), rotten meat (nothing a little food coloring won't fix) and countless other foods pre-FDA.
This is why most proponents of deregulation are so full of shit. They either dont know or dont care . If they were at least being honest they'd admit that they don't care if other people get poisioned so long as someone is getting rich from it
在fda出现之前，他们用面粉(加点硼!)、腐烂的肉(只要一点食用色素就能搞定)和无数其他东西来生产肉制品。
这就是为什么大多数呼吁放松管制的支持者都在胡说八道。 他们要么不知道，要么不关心。 如果他们是诚实的，他们应该承认他们不在乎其他人是否中毒，只要有人从中致富就行。
redbaboon130
Yeah, I read a great book about the early days of forensic science and so much of the book talked about how people were just being poisoned by all of these common products that we all take for granted. Like companies were just packaging literal brick dust as cinnamon... I think there's a huge lack of education around this part of our history in the United States; it is a sobering realization that if left to their own devices, businesses will gladly kill people for profit.
是的，我读过一本关于早期法医科学的好书，书中很多内容都是关于人们是如何被那些我们认为理所当然的常见产品毒害的。 比如公司会把砖屑包装成肉桂粉… 我认为美国对这段历史缺乏相关的教育; 人们应该清醒地认识到，如果任由企业自行其是，它们会很乐意为了利润而杀人。
Yeah, I read a great book about the early days of forensic science and so much of the book talked about how people were just being poisoned by all of these common products that we all take for granted. Like companies were just packaging literal brick dust as cinnamon... I think there's a huge lack of education around this part of our history in the United States; it is a sobering realization that if left to their own devices, businesses will gladly kill people for profit.
是的，我读过一本关于早期法医科学的好书，书中很多内容都是关于人们是如何被那些我们认为理所当然的常见产品毒害的。 比如公司会把砖屑包装成肉桂粉… 我认为美国对这段历史缺乏相关的教育; 人们应该清醒地认识到，如果任由企业自行其是，它们会很乐意为了利润而杀人。
koushakandystore
This kind of thing was very common until the purity food act was passed during Teddy Roosevelt’s administration. The list of items that companies used to mix in their food products to stretch them out is mind boggling. One that always gets me was the practice of mixing ground brick powder into ketchup and baked beans to enhance the red color, and viscosity.
这种事情在罗斯福政府通过纯净食品法案之前是很常见的。 公司过去常常在食品中加入各种各样的产品，以使其更有卖相。 其中一个让我感到困惑的做法是把磨碎的砖粉混合到番茄酱和烤豆中，以增强红色和粘性。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
This kind of thing was very common until the purity food act was passed during Teddy Roosevelt’s administration. The list of items that companies used to mix in their food products to stretch them out is mind boggling. One that always gets me was the practice of mixing ground brick powder into ketchup and baked beans to enhance the red color, and viscosity.
这种事情在罗斯福政府通过纯净食品法案之前是很常见的。 公司过去常常在食品中加入各种各样的产品，以使其更有卖相。 其中一个让我感到困惑的做法是把磨碎的砖粉混合到番茄酱和烤豆中，以增强红色和粘性。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
tertiumdatur
The Libertarian illusion is that everybody always is fully informed, adequately funded, and the vast majority of people are morally sound.
自由主义者的错觉是，认为每个人认为都能获得充分的信息，充足的资金，而且绝大多数人的道德是健全的。
The Libertarian illusion is that everybody always is fully informed, adequately funded, and the vast majority of people are morally sound.
自由主义者的错觉是，认为每个人认为都能获得充分的信息，充足的资金，而且绝大多数人的道德是健全的。
hxttra
This used to happen in India up to the 90s (not sure about embalming fluids, but definitely chalk and other substances). The milkman used to literally bring the cow to your doorstep and milk it right there(!!) to prove that he was honest and my parents had a lactometer at home to test the purity.
直到90年代，这种情况在印度还经常发生(不确定是否有防腐液，但肯定有粉笔和其他物质)。 送牛奶的人过去常常把奶牛带到你家门口，然后直接挤牛奶(!!)来证明他是诚实的，我的父母家里有一个乳量计来测试牛奶的纯度。
This used to happen in India up to the 90s (not sure about embalming fluids, but definitely chalk and other substances). The milkman used to literally bring the cow to your doorstep and milk it right there(!!) to prove that he was honest and my parents had a lactometer at home to test the purity.
直到90年代，这种情况在印度还经常发生(不确定是否有防腐液，但肯定有粉笔和其他物质)。 送牛奶的人过去常常把奶牛带到你家门口，然后直接挤牛奶(!!)来证明他是诚实的，我的父母家里有一个乳量计来测试牛奶的纯度。
SvenTheHorrible
Hence the laws in the US against unpasteurized milk/cheese - also why we get made fun of by Brits for our lack of cheese freedom
因此，美国的法律禁止未经高温消毒的牛奶/奶酪——这也是为什么我们被英国人嘲笑缺乏奶酪自由的原因
Hence the laws in the US against unpasteurized milk/cheese - also why we get made fun of by Brits for our lack of cheese freedom
因此，美国的法律禁止未经高温消毒的牛奶/奶酪——这也是为什么我们被英国人嘲笑缺乏奶酪自由的原因
Trail_Trees
How tf did anyone survive the 1800s lol
19世纪的人是怎么幸存下来，笑
How tf did anyone survive the 1800s lol
19世纪的人是怎么幸存下来，笑
museum-mama
My mom grew up on a farm in rural Nebraska during the 1950s - I wonder how her and her siblings survived with all their limbs. I regularly joke that I would have found a quiet warm spot in the farm to lay down and die....her stories are awful.
My mom says that a lot of kids she went to country school were missing digits or had physical deformities due to farm accidents. There was no library or way to easily get books - they would go to the farmers association with their dad sometimes to read the donated books but they couldn't bring them home or anything. they rode a horse and buggy to get there. When she did go to school in "town" she road the bus and had to sit next to other farm kid because they smelled like the barn and the other kids didn't want to sit by them. At fourteen she got a nanny job with a wealthy family and was so unbelievably happy to work off the farm.
我的母亲在上世纪50年代内布拉斯加州农村的一个农场长大，我也想知道她和她的兄弟姐妹是如何完好无损地生存下来的。 我经常开玩笑说，如果换做我，我会在农场里找到一个安静温暖的地方躺下，然后死去.... 我妈妈的成长故事太辛酸了。
我妈妈说，同她一起在乡村学校上学的很多孩子，都因为农业事故而失去了手指或身体畸形。 那里没有图书馆，也不容易买到书——他们有时会和父亲去农民协会阅读捐赠的书，但不能把书带回家或做其他事情。
后来她坐着马车去上学。 当她去镇子上学时，她不得不与其他农场孩子坐在一起，因为他们身上带着谷仓的味道，其他孩子不想坐在他们旁边。
我妈妈14岁的时候，在一个富裕的家庭里找到了一份保姆的工作，能在农场以外的地方工作，她当时高兴的难以想象。
My mom grew up on a farm in rural Nebraska during the 1950s - I wonder how her and her siblings survived with all their limbs. I regularly joke that I would have found a quiet warm spot in the farm to lay down and die....her stories are awful.
My mom says that a lot of kids she went to country school were missing digits or had physical deformities due to farm accidents. There was no library or way to easily get books - they would go to the farmers association with their dad sometimes to read the donated books but they couldn't bring them home or anything. they rode a horse and buggy to get there. When she did go to school in "town" she road the bus and had to sit next to other farm kid because they smelled like the barn and the other kids didn't want to sit by them. At fourteen she got a nanny job with a wealthy family and was so unbelievably happy to work off the farm.
我的母亲在上世纪50年代内布拉斯加州农村的一个农场长大，我也想知道她和她的兄弟姐妹是如何完好无损地生存下来的。 我经常开玩笑说，如果换做我，我会在农场里找到一个安静温暖的地方躺下，然后死去.... 我妈妈的成长故事太辛酸了。
我妈妈说，同她一起在乡村学校上学的很多孩子，都因为农业事故而失去了手指或身体畸形。 那里没有图书馆，也不容易买到书——他们有时会和父亲去农民协会阅读捐赠的书，但不能把书带回家或做其他事情。
后来她坐着马车去上学。 当她去镇子上学时，她不得不与其他农场孩子坐在一起，因为他们身上带着谷仓的味道，其他孩子不想坐在他们旁边。
我妈妈14岁的时候，在一个富裕的家庭里找到了一份保姆的工作，能在农场以外的地方工作，她当时高兴的难以想象。
wordserious
American corporations are still doing this kind of crap. They are only more subtle about it, and better at not getting caught.
You are not smarter than anyone in the 1800s. You just have more information. But, the people exploiting your life for money still have more information than you.
美国公司现在还在做这种龌龊事。只是他们现在更狡猾，更善于不被抓住。
你不比19世纪的任何人聪明。 你只是比他们获得了更多的信息。 但是，那些靠剥削你的生命来赚钱的人，仍然掌握着比你更多的信息。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
American corporations are still doing this kind of crap. They are only more subtle about it, and better at not getting caught.
You are not smarter than anyone in the 1800s. You just have more information. But, the people exploiting your life for money still have more information than you.
美国公司现在还在做这种龌龊事。只是他们现在更狡猾，更善于不被抓住。
你不比19世纪的任何人聪明。 你只是比他们获得了更多的信息。 但是，那些靠剥削你的生命来赚钱的人，仍然掌握着比你更多的信息。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
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